What a Neurosurgeon Should Know About the Endolymphatic Sac: Part 3 – Ménière Disease

Abstract Objective To elucidate all the aspects that neurosurgeons should know about Ménière disease (MD). Methods Review of guidelines, books, and studies from 1933 to 2021, basic translational research, using human animal endolymphatic sac (ES) tissue or cells, as well reviews, case reports, papers surgical experience. This article is divided into three parts. In this last part, we review MD. Results The MD one most common pathologies in ES. It was first described by Prosper 1861 with its clinical triad: dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss. A lot theories relating ES have been proposed. Some them postulate it caused a narrowing shortening duct, others relate severe inflammation on Mostly due lack understanding pathology, diagnosis mainly clinical, despite histopathology being helpful confirm diagnosis. treatment can be done 3 different ways: pharmacological, nonpharmacological, surgical. Conclusion inner ear has largely studied over years. latest guidelines must help classification give better basis for treatment, which, not curative yet, improved Pharmacological based possible etiologies, allied proper diet routine exercise, showing promising results.